How to Handle People Who Are Eternally Evasive, Mass Shooters and the Myth That Evil Is Obvious, Transforming Empathy Into Compassion: Why It Matters, No Dr. Spock for Black Parents: Lessons From Tyre Nichols, Research Shows Why Attractive People Are More Narcissistic. Refugee implies involuntary exodus, while migrant refers more to voluntary movement; therefore, the use of the latter undermines non-Ukrainian refugees requests for asylum. Melissa De Witte, Stanford News Service: mdewitte@stanford.edu, The researchers created maps showing where warmer weather has left trees in conditions that dont suit them, making them more prone to being replaced by other species. EuroNews Trevor Noah has slammed the double-standard between how African and Middle Eastern refugees are treated when fleeing to Europe in comparison to Ukrainians who are currently fleeing their country due to the Russian invasion. Refugees, defined by international humanitarian law as people in need of protection, are entitled to a privileged status. That's what makes it so shocking. International law and practice addresses refugee and internal displacement emergencies differently. Andrew Limbong is a reporter for NPR's Arts Desk, where he does pieces on anything remotely related to arts or culture, from streamers looking for mental health on Twitch to Britney Spears' fight over her conservatorship. RANA KHOURY: We certainly do see it play out in terms of the politics of refugee reception in the idea of whose burden should it be to take refugees who are from the global South, the Middle East, Africa, versus, you know, who is welcome and who can be brought in here. The conflict is also highly symbolic, for it reflects a [return] to bipolarity and a new Cold War, a standoff between democracy and autocracy, morality and hostility. The Ukraine refugee crisis revealed deep-seated racism as racialized and Black refugees from Ukraine were treated differently. Describing them as 'refugees' would draw in a governance apparatus that today includes development actors. You know, looking and seeing why African migrants aren't allowed to cross into Hungary is just as valid as just asking why Ukrainians are. Those seeking security at our southern border should not be treated any differently. (2019). Unlike Ukrainians, they must apply for asylum and wait for approval before seeking jobs. The UNHCR has warned that the conflation of refugees and migrants has politicized humanitarian work, but the distinction was political at the onset, as it prioritizes victims of physical violence over victims of structural and economic violence. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. The impact of racism on refugee treatment is evident in how African, Middle Eastern, and Asian refugees fleeing Ukraine are treated. The EUs response to the refugee crisis also shapes its posture towards Russia and reignites Cold War concerns about Russian aggression, for Eastern Europeans acknowledge the potential for Putin to invade their nations as well. Bulgarian Prime Minister Kiril Petkov recently drew a distinct line between the two groups, justifying differential treatment and fostering a sense of Ukrainian exceptionalism: Underscoring this justification is Islamophobia; Ukrainian refugees are primarily Christian, while refugees from Syria and North Africa are mostly Muslim. For instance, the culture the original Irish immigrants brought with them has evolved and mixed with the American culture. But the U.S. can easily put in place measures that manage risks to public health and still protect the legal right to asylum. As they work out where to go next, it's not clear they'll find refuge in Europe. Over the past decade, mostly in collaboration with his Stanford colleague James Fearon, Laitin has published several papers on ethnicity, ethnic cooperation, the sources of civil war and policies that work to settle civil wars. The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. An additional . That flow increased the worlds refugee population by about 9 million over the next decade, according to data from UNHRC, the United Nations Refugee Agency. Millions of Ukrainians are living in unimaginable terror; but thankfully the countrys refugees will face a more accommodating Europe than did those who sought similar protection a decade earlier. IPL researchers analyzed survey data collected at transit hubs across West and Central Africa, and they found that only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe. You know, looking and seeing why African migrants aren't allowed to cross into Hungary is just as valid as just asking why Ukrainians are. To answer this question, they conducted a second study using a sample of 289 female and 118 male students (average age of 32 years). Refugees are not citizens of the country of asylum and therefore have specific protection needs. But they may be misguided to see migration from Africa as their foremost challenge. Turkey, a crucial political ally in the region already overburdened with hosting almost three million Syrian refugees and managing a failing security sector, is not well-fit to host additional people.Sundays incidentwhen Turkish security guards shot and killed eleven Syrian refugees attempting to cross the Syria-Turkey borderis only the latest stark example of Turkeys inability to protect incoming migrants. But at the same time, the Biden administration has been quietly engaged in another series of evacuation flights, this time at our southern border. A mass exodus of Ukrainians risks overwhelming resources in neighboring countries even as Europe pledges to aid refugees fleeing Russia's invasion. Are Zoomies a Sign of a Happy Dog or a Crazy Dog? An anchor for Al-Jazeera English called Ukrainian refugees, quote, "middle-class people," in comparison to refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. For example, Orbn seeks to establish a Christian democracy in Hungary, and he has stated that Christian and Muslim society will never unite. This potent anti-Muslim, Christian supremacy rhetoric explains why Hungary welcomes Christian Ukrainians and rejects Muslim refugees from Africa and the Middle East. As the opposition fragmented into various factions, terrorist groups exploited the chaos, targeting both Assads forces and civilians. Editor's note: Last year, thousands of asylum seekers and migrants from the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia found themselves used as pawns in a political showdown between Belarus and the EU: stuck in a dense forest along the Polish-Belarusian border and pushed back and forth by security services as temperatures plummeted below zero. While the two categories are treated differently by law, in practice they are both asylum seekers. Black asylum-seekers from Africa face unique challenges in the U.S. African immigrants arriving in Texas are finding a litany of unique racial, cultural and practical challenges to becoming legal . infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients. subscribe to Stanford Report. They also found that eligible voters favored refugees with higher employability. 2016. Does the Ukraine crisis reveal any other blind spots or systemic failures in migration policy and discourse? By giving all asylum seekers temporary work permits and cracking down on labor discrimination, member states with surplus capacity could gain a much-needed workforce and secure long-term influence in the region. What is threatening about refugees? Unlike Ukraine, the Assad regime in Syria was authoritarian, corrupt, and violent. Religion is a key factor influencing attitudes toward refugees. The 2014-15 asylees from Syria and North Africa were mostly Muslim and faced higher degrees of discrimination than will the Ukrainians, who are largely of Christian heritage. Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic refused to accept asylum seekers the EU attempted to relocate from Italy and Germany. Why Are So Many Young Men Single And Sexless? Is it a vague feeling of hostility or does it stem from specific unpleasant experiences or future worries? Work permits alone do not guarantee refugees employment, though. Contrarily, due to racial, religious, cultural, and ethnic differences, Europeans feel less sympathy for other refugees. Religious and other prejudices are often intertwined; the disparity between how the EU treats Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian refugees stems from Europeans empathy for Ukrainians and the othering of African and Middle Eastern refugees. But the Venezuelans are being labelled as 'migrants' and that is shaping the governance response and the degree of engagement by UNHCR and others. : 'Labours Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper struggles to justify why refugees fleeing war in Ukraine should be treated differently to refugees fleeing war in Afghanistan. "Many nations today are spending much more money and energy on finding ways to prevent refugees and asylum seekers from ever crossing their border than they are in protecting people who have been. Arriving from the Middle East and Africa, non-Ukranian refugees are often otherized. Laitin is the James T. Watkins IV and Elise V. Watkins Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences and is a faculty co-director of the Stanford Immigration Policy Lab, which designs and evaluates immigration and integration policies and programs. Addie Esposito is a staff writer and Senior Editor at the HIR. The Russian incursion has sparked the fastest growing refugee crisis since World War II, forcing more than 2 . The EU report challenges her statement by showing that, rather than signifying asylum seekers lack of desire to work, the slow inclusion of asylum seekers into the labor market is a result of poor implementation: Many employers in Sweden are simply not aware that asylum seekers are allowed to work. In other words, the choice presented to the Lebanese people by . There were 89.3 millionpeople forcibly displaced world-wide at the end of 2021. Many are living with so-called foster families and are being exploited . Islamophobia also underlies the assumption that Middle Eastern refugees are violent terroristsa sentiment echoed in Petkovs speech and Orbns comments that Muslim asylum seekers are Muslim invaders, accepting Middle Eastern migrants is importing terrorism, and all the terrorists are basically migrants. This assumption is a blatant fallacy of composition not applied to whites. Albagir is given beatings, and the Maslovas are given bread. The Ukraine crisis may serve as a reminder that migration policy should be based on more careful collection of data. They often have no or very limited access to services, material assistance, adequate housing, health . She is interested in comparative politics, immigration law, and German. During the 2015 refugee "crisis," the EU called for detaining arriving refugees for up to 18 months. RANA KHOURY: We certainly do see it play out in terms of the politics of refugee reception in the idea of whose burden should it be to take refugees who are from the global South, the Middle East, Africa, versus, you know, who is welcome and who can be brought in here. The Detail asks why they are treated differently to refugees coming in through the quota system? With the recent mass shooting in Germany, some people are again asking why anybody would hate refugees and aliens (i.e. ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. Refugee agencies fear up to five million of Ukrainians could try to flee across the border as Russia's war intensifies and casualties mount. Giulia McPherson is the director of advocacy and operations at Jesuit Refugee Service/USA. LIMBONG: Rana Khoury, a research associate at Princeton University focusing on conflict and displacement, says this language has impacts on global refugee policy. With fewer resources invested in non-Ukrainian refugees, it may take longer for their asylum cases to be processed, prolonging unemployment, living precarity, and limited access to resources. Even though refugees are always victims of conflict, the civil war in Syria is more difficult to fit into this binary of right versus wrong, which may affect the EUs perceived political expediency of aiding Syrian refugees. For example in Germany and Sweden, so-called priority reviews specify that asylum seekers can only be employed if there are no suitable national or EU-citizens available for the job. The Venezuelan crisis parallels the Zimbabwean exodus of the early 2000s. Stanford, California 94305. The EU refused to activate the Temporary Protection Directive in 2015, incentivized other nations to thwart the flow of refugees, and neglected to discipline border patrol agents who violated the rights of asylum seekers. LIMBONG: The Nigerian statehouse issued a statement today denouncing reports of Nigerians being denied entry to the Polish border. But we need to remember that Europeans were impressively generous to the first wave of Syrian refugees, but as the numbers increased, attitudes quickly became exclusive. The Century Foundation. Tens of thousands of people have already crossed into. Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. At a time when Western states are highly concerned with maintaining influence in the Middle Eastern debacle, excluding people from their shores seems ill-advised. The reports advocate for lifting labor restrictions and preventing discrimination against asylum seekers. According to the U.N.'s 1951 Refugee Convention, a refugee is "someone who is unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion." Rather than bringing people to safety via transit centers and, ultimately, to countries including the United States, these flights are sending vulnerable migrants and asylum-seekers back to danger. For more information, see our full Privacy Policy. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? symbolic and realistic). Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. Again, Ukrainian refugees will now have the right to enter the European labor market. More than half - nearly 548,000 - have fled to Poland which shares a 500km border with Ukraine. According to new research, many asylum seekers experience discrimination on the Swedish labor market. Syrians are careful to disassociate themselves from the refugee identity. For example, a person who fears he might catch a deadly disease from refugees is reacting to a direct threat, but a person who fears negative changes in politics of the country, such as a significant increase in popular support for extremist right-wing and far-right parties, is reacting to an indirect or extended threat. While this study indicates anti-Muslim bias among government officials, a similar 2016 study suggests that regular citizens exhibit similar tendencies. As Al-Younes noted, who wants to hire an asylum seeker still at risk of deportation, since their application hasnt been accepted yet? Refugees, for instance, pose an economic threat because they need jobs, low-cost housing, access to health care, etc. How do you anticipate Ukrainians experience will unfold compared to that of asylees from Syria or North Africa? A further 133,000 have gone to Hungary, 72,000 to Slovakia, 51,260 to Romania, and nearly 98,000 . MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Khoury, the researcher, says race plays a part in all of this but also proximity and geopolitics, too. Accuracy and availability may vary. Many refugees are coming from northern Africa and the Middle East, with roughly 50 percent of the population of Syria seeking refuge from war. This clear binary extends to Zelensky and Putin. They also found that eligible voters favored refugees with higher employability. Since it was first implemented in March 2020, more than 1 million migrants and asylum-seekers have been turned away. So how can we reduce perceptions of different types of threats associated with refugees and immigrants? Landmann and colleagues in Germany conducted a series of four related studies to examine hostility toward refugees. Please submit a letter to the editor. 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. Meanwhile, Poland erected a border fence, started to build a wall, passed legislation to make entry more difficult, and only accepted about 5.7 percent of asylum applications in 2020. The U.S. has an opportunity to build off of its strong response to the Ukrainian refugee crisis. A third study, a replication of the second study, included a sample of 23 male and 108 female students (average age of 33 years) and concluded that, aside from the prejudice threat, every threat type was associated with unfavorable attitudes toward migrants. Diplomas and qualifications have to be recognized by the national labor system, which depending on the level of education can take years. The consequences are devastating, as reports of violence and insecurity in their countries of origin, along transit routes and in Mexico abound. According to DR's calculations, the distance from Denmark's border with Germany to the Ukraine-Poland border is 1,270 kilometres, and to the Syria-Turkey border 3,760 . They are unable to return home unless and until conditions in their native lands are safe for them again. Refugees and migrants arrive to Europe by the same road; they also face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, as well as integrating into their host communities. the population growth among the working age has increased while unemployment has decreased. Landmann, H., Gaschler, R., & Rohmann, A. Just last week, the U.S. expelled 86 Haitians who fled the recent earthquake and political unrest, and flew them back to Haiti under this policy. Two recent reports from the European Parliament show that despite short-term costs, labor integration of both asylum seekers and refugees will generate long-term economic gains that exceed the costs. In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. One 2022 study examining over 4,000 asylum applications in France between 1976 and 2016 found that Muslims were less likely than Christians to receive asylum. In The Telegraph, Daniel Hannan wrote an article about Ukraine that led, they seem so like us. The other hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of girls and young women who survived the journey are still in Kakuma Refugee Camp. At the end of March 2022, the Biden administration announced a commitment to resettle up to. They concluded that the six threat types explained the data better than one general threat factor or two factors (i.e. D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. The participants were initially asked how many refugees Germany could host per year and then asked what would happen if this number was exceeded. In addition, they pose a health threat because some refugees come from countries with comparably higher rates of certain diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, AIDS). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health Services. Fortunately for the Ukrainians, Ukraines westward neighbors are working assiduously to register and take initial responsibility for this unprecedented flow, which is likely to add another 5 million refugees from Ukraine within a year from the Russian invasion, nearly five times as fast as the flow from Syria and North Africa. LIMBONG: Mahdis Keshavarz is a board member with the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association, which put out a statement criticizing this framing, which Keshavarz says relies on old tropes. The U.S. government has committed to resettle tens of thousands of Afghan and Ukrainian refugees. The asylum program works to provide refugee protection to people in Canada who: have a well-founded fear of persecution or. Six threat types emerged from the analysis of the responses:1. HIRING! In practice, refugees and migrants apply for the same asylum, which has somewhat disrupted the easy management of these categories. The act allowed approximately 190,000 refugees, escapees, and expellees to arrive in the United States before the legislation . Zelensky is part of a community of Jews in Ukraine, some 200,000 strong, with historical and cultural ties to Israel, based on a long legacy of anti-Jewish pogroms and persecution in the country . Refugee Children in U.S. Schools: A Toolkit for Teachers and School Personnel (Grant No. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. [vi] Immigration policies are allegedly based on principles like "the reunification of families, admitting immigrants with skills that are valuable to the U.S. economy, protecting refugees, and promoting diversity." She says that's a pretty good sign of civilization. Arash Emamzadeh attended the University of British Columbia in Canada, where he studied genetics and psychology. Furthermore, according to Hanne Beirens, Migration Policy Institute think tank director, the prioritization of Ukrainian refugees restricts the resources available to other refugees, such as housing and language courses; this inequality creates a two-tiered system of refugee integration. labor integration of both asylum seekers and refugees will generate long-term economic gains, specify that asylum seekers can only be employed, to be recognized by the national labor system, many asylum seekers experience discrimination, perpetrators behind the Paris attacks had exploited the asylum system, 40 percent of Germans calling for her resignation this year in response to her open-border policy, argued in a policy brief for The Century Foundation, accepted 69,900 refugees including a mere 2,192 Syrians last year. As of March 4, Canada has only resettled 8,580 of . While not able to help everyone, the U.S. ensured that more than 123,000 people were safely flown out of Afghanistan and has already accepted 64,000 evacuees. While the two categories are treated differently by law, in practice they are both asylum seekers. show that asylum centers tend to isolate residents. He's the host of NPR's Book of the Day podcast and a frequent host on Life Kit. The report shows that unemployment among third-country nationals in the EU is twice as high as among EU citizens, with Sweden revealing a particularly worrying gap between the total labor force and non-EU citizens actively seeking a job. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. We need to demystify refugees cultural practices so they appear less threatening. David Laitin discusses how the experience of Ukrainian refugees in Europe compares to those who have fled other conflicts and hardships. Not only did those member states threaten vital diplomatic relationships by placing the burden on their neighbors, but they also may have placed their own security at risk with their anti-immigration, borderline xenophobic policies. These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. . Ukrainian refugees will not be as burdened by systemic failures in European migration policy as were the Syrians and North Africans in 2014-15. Anna is working with Michael Hanna and the rest of the foreign policy team as a member of the 2016 internship class on issues such as U.S. policy toward the Middle East and East Asia. LIMBONG: Keshavarz points to Poland accepting Ukrainian refugees when not that long ago, the country was telling scores of Afghans, Syrians and Iraqis, no, the country's full. Moving forward, these new policies and attitudes towards people seeking refuge should be the norm . Ukrainian nationals are oftentimes allowed to board evacuation transportation ahead of foreign nationals, who also face more difficulties entering countries like Poland and acquiring suitable accommodations. She told us that she shared the name of a family member in California, and then boarded a plane, believing she would be safe and with her family in the U.S. soon. Why don't we treat all refugees as though they were Ukrainian? The deal gives EU states free passes to return migrants and failed asylum seekers to Turkey. Since anger and hostility toward refugees might be related to the perception of injustice as well, we need to address feelings of injustice related to the obligation of accepting refugees and foreigners. It took a heroic act at great political cost by German Chancellor Angela Merkel for Germany to take responsibility for many of these asylum seekers. Al Jazeera journalist Virginia Pietromarchi notes, Bloody conflicts in Syria, Somalia, and other places have not received the wide-reaching international media coverageor urgent international government actionthat the invasion of Ukraine has inspired." Many asylum applicants who technically fall under the refugee-protection category have been deported back to their home countries, where they are at great risk of torture or prosecution. Today, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers have custody of approximately 54,000 refugees, asylum-seekers, and migrants. Khoury, the researcher, says race plays a part in all of this but also proximity and geopolitics, too. Full coverage at CTVNews.ca/Ukraine. Others avoid registering for asylum, not for practical reasons but out of a sense of dignity. As they began to land, she was shocked to learn from the pilot that their destination was instead Mexico. KESHAVARZ: And I think one very dangerous thing that we're seeing is - and it bears asking the question - is, have journalists become so desensitized to the suffering of different peoples of color, specifically people that are in war zones, that we're no longer seeing on the same level playing field? The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. Meanwhile, work gains do not mitigate the fear many European politicians and citizens express over the long-term cultural impact migration inflow will have on the region. As neighboring countries let in Ukrainian refugees, Africans living and studying in Ukraine say they're facing discrimination at border crossings. Explosives and debris must be cleared from areas that have been retaken so that water and electric services can be restored. MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. All refugees deserve protection, not just our allies. She holds an MA in Near Eastern Studies from New York University and will be a PhD candidate in social anthropology at Columbia University in the fall. In 2012, at the onset of the current refugee crisis, I interviewed young Afghan and African asylum seekers in Denmark who expressed frustration with their confinement in asylum centers in remote areas, which they felt prevented them from integrating with their host community. Most are Ukrainians, but some are students . If they are able to overcome these barriers and enter the EU, non-Ukrainians face prolonged unemployment. A few European politicians have also stressed that Ukrainian refugees are qualitatively superior by virtue of their race and religion to those from countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa and. The Century Foundation Asylum applicants in northern Europe receive welfare benefits including free education and health care while their applications are being processed, which presents a considerable cost to society. Since being forced to wait one additional year for the asylum decisions lowers the probability of being employed by about 4.9 percentage points'' due to skills atrophy and demoralization, it is more difficult for non-Ukrainian refugees to integrate into the workforce. Former German Chancellor Angela Merkelwidely hailed as a champion of refugee rightsfunded Turkeys refugee camps so that President Erdoan would hinder the passage of refugees into Greece, an EU member. Central American and Mexican refugees ask why they aren't being treated at the same level as . Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017). As anthropologist Miriam Ticktin has documented, some even infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence. During the civil war, civilians were often purposefully caught in the crossfire between Assad and opposition forces; for example, in 2013, Assads forces waged chemical war against civilians, killing 1,400. Draw in a governance apparatus that today includes development actors toward refugees ; s Andrew limbong has more,.! The Lebanese people by have fled to poland which shares a 500km border why are refugees treated differently Ukraine refugees... Similar tendencies who: have a well-founded fear of persecution or careful collection of.... Already crossed into of people have already crossed into to whites same level as health. Refugee Service/USA feeling of hostility or does it stem from specific unpleasant experiences or future worries their... 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