My throat then began getting a bit sore periodically I still ignored it. Whether its the nicotine/ juice/ coil type I just dont know but I do notice that within 10 minutes of starting to vape my head pulls and body twists.. Im not sure its about PG-VG ratio, but perhaps its the flavouring. I am going to take a few days break from them to see if this might be what is heating me up and disturbing my sleep. But I have been having sleepless nights with weird random I itches. I am hoping that someone with the same condition as me had found a brand / e-juice mix that can completely get rid of the mucus and breathing problem. Small amounts of these metals can be aerosolized and inhaled. Have you seen any cigarettes that strong? Its in a lot of stuff! I sometimes have a tendency to chain vape, Ill kill a 5ml 12mg nic.tank Of ejuice in just a day, when Im in that sort of mood, not always the case, though itd be on days Im up all night, and itt takr me at least past 12 hours to get even get close to vaping that entire 5ml tank down, Ive vaped heavy PG juices exclusively for months, around 80% PG, and now I vape mostly 80% VG, but not for any health reasons or problems, mostly because I like that VG is smoother, and creates more Vapor. Shes had to quit her job, suggested by her doctor, she hasnt been able to walk on her own without getting dizzy. Ive been using e cigs for about 2 years now, and Im in agony with my stomach and throat, the acid I think has caused a stomach ulcer from the sharp pains Im getting and my throat feels like theres a lump in it all the time. I thought it had to be soap, or shampoo, I literally tried everything (different pg/vg, no pg, literally nothing worked except quitting)until i could not deny it anymore.If I can quit vaping anyone can. My problem is shortness of breath, when walking. It could be either an allergic reaction or a stress reaction to a histamine reaction. Then of course you become more aware of even the slightest itch and worry about not scratching it in case it grows and spreads like those on the back of my head. I was an avid pro vaping advocate that bragged about how great vaping was~ that was hind sight. This was a while ago now so I assume the test came back clear otherwise they would have been in touch. I mix my own juice with pure ingredients from a reputable lab based in the USA. could be from e-cig laundry detergent, food, stress, etcetera. But never in my life have I had so many itchy bumps. Vaporhead. Im not questioning what you say, Im simply asking, because most e-cigarette batteries these days are sealed and even if they werent, I dont see how you would come in contact with the nickel. I also feel sick, dizzy, have sinus issues, and terrible muscle aches especially in my shoulders and neck. I had that motherfucker cleaned so bad it was close to animal abuse! Your comment sounds about as prepackaged as they come. I am hopeful the itchy spots will disappear. Neither have I and I dont know why they marketed e liquid with nicotine strength greater than 12. Its way easier to quit vaping than I must admit. Id really like to know. Sickness, drowsiness is often first. Definately a poisen for me. Been using Bucks 18mg for a while. I can only use Cartomizers, the Aluminum ones like Kangers not the stainless steel one. PG VG its all shit to me. My gums are bleeding horribly puffy soars in my mouth to me it looks like my gums are dimensions this is so very scary I know its from ecigs. My cousin and I (who is a doctor) have done some research on PG. I feel foggy thorough the day and can barely think. Pardon my language but vaping has become straight fucky for me. Vaping is when you use a handheld device to breathe in a mist ("vapor"). But I bet the nickel in the battery has alot to do with it.we never put something into our mouth with a battery attached!!! hoarseness. 20/06/2015 at 4:54 am. It is painful and I get these white pus pockets all over my tonsils Im probably allergic to something in the ecigs (I have tried two different brands). They really hurt. For darker skin, the rash can cause the skin to look darker. We dont even know whats in the O-rings. After the days of not vaping it disappeared all together so im wondering if i am allergic to them? a huge glass bottle plus the throw in a test People are screaming about it and no one wants to try to put the pieces together to see if a common denominator can be found. Also: my sleeping has been horrendous. p.s. When this happens, you have contact dermatitis. So all do be careful just how much nic you are taking in,and also check your gear as well as sometimes you can get leaks which can put juice right into your mouth and it is so unpleant. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. And when you get sick from vaping remember us who did and your reply. Anyway: today I took a break from vaping and this evening Im already feeling better. I have been vamping for about 9 months and have enjoyed not smoking cigarettes. Sub-ohm Vaping. Have tried switching to 100% VG? It stung when I first started I was told it would stop. However, during this time, I have developed an eczema type rash over and under both eyelids. My left arm went numb and achy and I was getting increasingly overanxious to the point that I thought I was having the first stages of a heart attack(Im 44 years young btw). I get the Lip skin blisters every time I try a Tank system, Pro-Tanks, Vivi Nova, Aspire If I keep using them I get sore throat, chapped lip puffy eyes, cheeks, rough tongue, loss of taste.. Its a allergic reaction to the Chrome and Nickel used in chrome plating the Tank systems. I tired an ecig (one drag back in 09 and got strep like symptoms. Applied the cream and all seems normal again now. Anyone else with Sam complaints? I got into vaping almost 6 weeks ago. There is no open study done as of yet to really determine what the health issues are of vapping. I will enjoy my e-cig for my holiday next week, then quit them all. About 30 mins after showering it all subsides except for random itches on arms and legs which I try to ignore. I need help! Before getting a piercing, check to be sure the studio uses sterile, nickel-free or surgical-grade stainless steel needles in sealed packages. ), along with gastrointestinal . Had no problems then but due to limited retails of e cigs and associated materials here in Africa (Nigeria in my case) i have to use different atomizers and e liquids. Its ecig poisoning. I have just ordered 20/80 Pg/VG, and am hoping its the PG causing this, because I thoroughly enjoy vaping. I have just started to get this dry itchy sensation around my lip upper as well as lower. I also use a mod Stingray. Not one to vape all day. Feb 7, 2015. Another point that some people often raise is that the stainless steel used in vaping coils often contains alloys other than the steel. People must now be 21 to buy any tobacco product, including vaping products. However, if these treatments don't help, call your doctor. They need to put on the box what in the cigs. not sure if over time it became a problem or vendors changed stuff. Ugh went back to cigs and no problem. First of all the FDA/government whoever needs to regulate it and the stores around here that sell it to minors should be shut down. I went to a doctor that prescribed me to do plow yoga pose. This can result after the skin comes in direct contact with nickel for a prolonged period of time and enough nickel is absorbed into the body. The most common form of all metal hypersensitivity reactions is allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by nickel. Interestingly, both traditional and e-cigarette consumption by non-smokers was found to provoke short-term effects on platelet function, increasing platelet activation (levels of soluble CD40 ligand and the adhesion molecule P-selectin) and platelet aggregation, although to a lesser extent with e-cigarettes []. Got to where I could not breath anymore. I thought pg was the problem went to vg not nic or flavor was ok for a wile. I have smoked since I was 18 now I am turning 68. But these devices can expose users to toxic metals such as arsenic, chromium, nickel, and lead, noted Ana Mara Rule, Ph.D., from Johns Hopkins University, during her Jan. 19 NIEHS Keystone Science Lecture.. An outbreak of lung injuries associated with e . I love vaping but am stopping now after reading about many other vapers with same problems. I agree I gave up smoking three months ago and have been vaping trying different mixes but now have blocked sinuses dry throat, at night have to put lip balm on to stop drying lips while sleeping due to not being able to breath through nose, I have to wake up three times a night to have a drink due to parched feeling have small mouth ulcers behind cheeks heavy lung feeling etc etc also vaping more than smoking and never really satisfied, it seems more trouble than its worth cleaning pieces gurgling at times battery going flat etc etc I might as well give up. Im experience bad taste in mouth tounge problems loads phlem and problems swallowing and at the back of my throat it can get saw! I thought I was vaping pure v.g but I was not.So I decided to make my own juice. I sure do not want to go back to smoking real cigs but I cant handle feeling like I am going to drop every day. Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure, and treatment. The worst symptom is how plugged up my ears are! Smoked for 30 years. Is there anybody out there that has had these symptoms? I had smoked for 55 years and was up to 2 packs a day. And on steroid ointments. The rash went away in about one week of stopping the e-cig with PG. Hope you feel better soon. Thank you for sharing. I have tried just about every type of vape liquid but nothing changed. I also have the face and neck break outs. Sore joints, Nausea, burning eyes. Raised, puss filled bumps that itch incessantly. My nose has started to itch as well. I quit everything for about 7 months and like an idiot started smoking normal cigarettes, today after only 3 days on an ecig trying to quit again, I have woken up with swollen hands and one side of my tongue has swollen up to the point on not being able to talk. Then about after 7 months, the red bumps appeared mostly on my temples, but also behind my ears right at the hairline. Yes, I quit smoking 3 days ago and I have been experiencing red bug bite looking rashes and hive like welts all over, arms, legs, sides chest, stomach, neck faceeven scalp. I love that vaping has weened me off of tobaccos, and will try eliminating P.G. I am convinced now after reading this thread that the vape is to blame. I am an occasional cigar smoker who started vaping about a year ago because I was finding my smoking frequency increasing and hoped that vaping could provide a relatively safe alternative. Bit confused whether the react in is nicotine overdose or allergy to componant in the juice tho . Anyone had anything like this? Nickel allergy is a contact allergy (also referred to as type IV or delayed type hypersensitivity). Its still too early to tell if its helping my other symptoms. I suspect that it is the e-cigs. PG can mess you up. I felt so bad that i couldnt get out of bed and normally function so with that i didnt vape. Insane! I started vaping to get off of oral tobacco (dipping). I wake up ok and think its over, then have a lukewarm shower and as soon as the water hits the back of my neck the fiberglass feeling runs through the back of my neck and shoulders. I wish Id carried on smoking rather than go through this swallowing issue I am terrified of it! i change everything every 3 days. I have found that taking allergy pills and using Gold Bond medicated lotion helps to decrease these symptoms. No. Trying to stop but the nicotine got me. Now Im not sure when it really started but Ive never felt that flippin sick in my life! 2 bottles of my juice are much thinner than the others, indicating that the store added additional PG and REDUCED VG without my knowledge. Yes they are a bit of an outlay but well worth it. I have been so pro ecig for the past few years but now that I have had these symptoms and even though I have stopped VAPING for 3 days now, the symptoms are still there. Long story short, I listened to my ENT doctors advice and I had a nasal surgery in March to trim the swelled turbinates and expand the nasal passage. All kinds of flavors, I had about 15 of them that I liked to alternate from time to time to reset my tastes. Mostly at night would wake me and drive me nuts! I just cut ecig as of now. Man am I pissed! Numb lip and my skin was losing feeling in places. Glad I found this post. But, I have started to have itching and hives on my neck and especially on my skull. I even feel i cant breath and dizzy and i have to go to the hospital , so does anyone experience such a thing? I have a Foos ecig that takes the liquid and I think now I will stop that and use the other one that I have with the cartridges instead and see if my rash and itchiness subsides. Liquids all kept in moist environment, not dry. I strongly feel that anyone who has these or other allergies fro E cigs should use it as a positive to QUIT. Recently I swiched from vaping to e-cigs, Vuse brand, and I started feeling even worse! My lips are super drive and so is my mouth.My ears are always ringing when I do any physical activity. Further information can be obtained by contacting the ATSDR Information Center at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. I have had the same symptoms. If this shit causes cancer or any long term health effect, Ill sue everyone around here for not stopping this guy from vaping indoor. Hi Colin, which department at Marlboro do you work for? gotten Veg.Glycol but a bit of PG is in most so my next step is allergy specialist. I have been vaping now for 5 weeks last weekend was a red flushed face after showing, a few days later I had red patches on both sides of my neck which travelled down to chest (whole chest red/flushed above nipples) and now the back of my neck / back of shoulders. Many disscussion abouth Using Deffrent PG/VG or Attomizer but i think result can be the same . Not the pg or vg. But nickel can be found in many everyday items, such as coins, zippers, eyeglass frames, cosmetics, detergents, and . September this yearBOOM!! Tried again and within minutes redness was back. mild chest rash. Surely someone has done a study already? I used to smoke more than a pack a day and since day one i had my itaste e-cig i haven`t touched a real cig !! Do we know, precisely, what is the metallurgical composition of these heating coils? Im now on day 3 with Nicorette spray to quit the vaping habit because I vaped (responsibly) 12mg ejuice. I was surprised to see in the market 3.5ml tanks. Well after a few days I noticed that my finger was sore and just figured it was cause I never wore a ring before. Thought that was good. Its entering your blood through your skin and your body is getting sick. I hope it was the PG, as I have not smoked an analog cig since I started vaping. I quit vaping fof 5 days and itching and rash disappeared. I smoked Blu ecigs for several months and then my hands got really itchy. Last two weeks my face is full of pimples sore mouth and general terrible skin! It took about a month to get that shit out of my system. Now I have to read everything ! Within 12-24 hours after I ingest a food containing high . I thought I finally kicked the smoking habit because I went straight to the e cig after having my LAST cigarette and never looked back. I believe these do cause that. Hard to quit these things but will have to for a couple of days at least. It seems to me it is the amount of nicotine that u are vaping. About four months ago, I started getting tonsillitis so bad that the drs tested me for strep and it was negative. I got sick and went to the dr. You cab quit vaping. Most of these metal hypersensitivity (MHS) reactions are type IV/delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. The main treatment is avoiding contact with nickel-releasing metals, such as inexpensive jewelry. Other people say they get a rash or fever scratchy throat chesty cough almost like smokers symptoms. Junk juice is cheap and tasty but can make you sick. Antihistamines couldnt control it. Nickel allergy is a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis an itchy rash that appears where your skin touches a usually harmless substance. Also, I have noticed a sore throat and increased phlegm when using the e-cig. wheezing. yet? I never had this many problems with cigarettes, Ive got one bottle of juice left then Ill go back to cigarettes, I have way too much stress in life to be able to quit. Now I am back to ecigs. I vape zero nic.also the minute I stay vapingi get a runny nose. She feels sharp pains as if shes being stabbed in the head. rashes hives eyebrow swelling Im experiencing the same thing as you. I started vaping around 4yrs ago, gradually going from 2.4 to 0.6 nicotine. Seems i start ed smoking the strawberry flavour had a massive asthma attack short of breath itching skin all over even top of my head!!! But they made me seriously depressed. Been vaping 3 years. ALL these things can be caused by: stopping smoking , allergy (to anything i guess including ecigs), and infections so I wouldnt pass them off without testing if that really is the issuestopping smoking makes you ill with many symptoms (most not to do with nicotine withdrawal) including hypoglycemia (! Bye bye ecig. That mighmight just be from quitting smoking. After the surgery I felt much better and can sleep better. Seeing these posts has me convinced but I know she wont accept it because its already been discussed within the family thats what it is and she thinks its bull. Generally my skin is so much better and has colour again, I realize now how unwell I looked over the last week or so. But I can still relate the vaping with my current condition, even though it has improved significantly (at least I no longer had the feeling that I am out of breath and going to die) but I notice that if I used e-cig 100% of the time for a few days, my breath at night became worse due to mucus built up. And they appeared alone in places that bed bugs typically cant get to (at my butt when wearing think underwear and pants), very confusing! Ive been on Njoy e cigg for one year now. I was smoking health cabin RY4 8mg PG, joyetech blueberry 8mg and joyetech grape 8mg, both PG, switching between the 3, using an ego one mini and going through maybe 4-6ml a day, it leaked a lot so not all of that was vaped. The dangers of tobacco notwithstanding, it surely cannot be good for your tissues to be in a constant inflammatory state from vape! In fact, it's been found that some people with . If the Glycerine is VG..Im lucky my dermatologist was allergic too. But I can attest that after several months of no e-cigs, Im back to my normal allergy problems. BUT, Ive never had any problems with my skin, EVER. Does vaping cause allergic reactions? If you think PG is upsetting you, insist on GENUINE 100% VG if thats whats bothering you. Started vaping in Jan/14. I get a eczema type rash on face and scalp line if I vape constantly. I quit cigs for 2 years after smoking for 20+. Also, at the same time my hair started to get very oily just one day after shampoo .. looked like I bathed in baby oil! Damn! An allergy specialist who was also a bio chemist suggested that it may be a chemical toxicity issue allergy and recommended I take glutathione. Pressing on it hurts. Now they are on both sides and my face is breaking out as well. I have now gone to 6m. I am at 24 nicotine still but dont smoke anymore. Although nichrome should be avoided if you have a nickel allergy and to an extent stainless steel vape wires, for flavour alone lots of vapers believe these two types offer the best flavour for vaping. Apply wet compresses, which can help dry blisters and relieve itching. People have know idea how much nic they are getting into their systems. I have been vaporing for 5 months with l00% success. Worst experience of quitting ever, I never want to vape again to me its a toxic poison that took away from my life, in all honesty I hope the shit gets banned I wont care Ill never touch the crap again. Even months later, sometimes the rashes come and go within 24 hours, or they stay for longer. It also dries my face, my eyes. I stopped smoking for 13 years (and started again 15 years ago) and remember the symptoms well. Instead everytime you feel like a ciggie punch yourself really hard, reminding you of the future pain to come from smoking. Well I never had any itchy problems or any problems I have mild asthma. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. I jumped on e-cigs as soon as I heard about them. They then said I had copd and am now home on oxygen, antibiotics and breathers. This thread has made my mind up that it is definitely without a doubt that vaping is the cause. MODS AND ACCESSORIES. I ordered VG juice but it was no better. I put on rubbed some Hydrocortisone cream on it and its has stopped the itching. Thanks to everyone who contributed their experiences and thoughts on this. However now they are nearly inescapably and if caught indoors with people vaping I often end up with a sever reaction. Ya I have burning eyelids from the use of the electric cig. Been to an allergist and doc and no reasons to feel this way so it has to be the egics. I just Started smoking electric cigarettes and two weeks. Dry mouth. Is there something in vaping that makes everyone have horrible punctuation and grammar? Some experience gum bleeeding, a direct result of years o fsmoking cigarettes. I have dreams about pain relief.. It feels like tooth pain, but also burning jaw/gum pain. I tried to not vape, and it felt better. Im waiting on VG nic to arrive before I give vaping a go again, hopefully in the next few days. Your body tries to be hyper aware, in the indtance of mearly thinking something miht be wrong, its our bodys way of getting our attention just in case something really bad has happened, such as toutching poison oak. Ive never had so many health problems until i quit. By the way, the sleepless nights and itching at night come before the major skin problems. I started vaping since last November and in a few weeks I found that I had breathing problem and it was so severe that I could not sleep. Menu Log in Register Become a Patron! I think my mix is 80%PG and 20%VG. My nose has been inflamed and sore. Sore joints, Nausea, burning eyes. Several time I was actually baking in my hospital bed. Feels like burning itchy prickly like fiberglass in skin. Bad taste and foul breath have returned and I sometimes cough up mucus and stuff that looks like tonsil stones. I suspect Ecig as Ive been vaping 60pg/40 for 3 months. PG also dehydrates the human body and dehydration causes headaches. Thank you for your posts!! Following a series of comments by readers who suspect they might be allergic to the propylene glycol in e-liquid, I decided to write a short post on allergies caused by e-cigarette use and their symptoms. I switched from PG to VG three weeks ago but the problem is still there, I have never had spots or rashes on my face before. It doesnt get rid of it, but it helps. (ie: It would have either spread or gone away if it were flesh eating bacteria or syphilis.) If it stops these God damn ulcers tho its my only option. Im trying different ecigs.i hav raised bumps.red .itchy. This is a little shocking. I will mix organic kosher glycerine 60% 20% boiled water, 20%everclear or 90 proof vodka, then 100% organic flavoring it really limits your choices of flavoring but Im sick of my face nose and throat burning ! in the month and lips try to wash the lip piece of your e-cig as often as possible as it could be related to bacteria or something. But nickel can be found in many everyday items, such as coins, zippers, eyeglass frames, cosmetics, detergents, and even some electronics, including cellphones and laptops. I have been hive and rash free taking nothing , but my magnesium! Download Factsheet. Its day 3 since stopping the ecig and while I feel it is improving to some degree (red patches fading on neck but still slightly visible and scaley, chest still pink, shoulders burning) it is still there. You see the companies behind vaping make more profit if they do not provide a users manual. Im not even gona experiment because im so afraid of having this reaction happen again. You notice that you start to feel nauseous when you are handling the e juice and it gets on ur fingers? does anyone else have the buring sensation of skin? I actually do feel stupid. Whenever I try to research every site suggested some other cause for my health issues. I went to see my doctor at some point. I have used various flavors and different appliances to vape, and until a few days ago have really enjoyed vaping. along with a headache. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. I now aim to refrain totally from electronic cigarettes. So I am pulling everything up I can on this. hope the hives go away now. They were great when I ask which ones they made without PG. I forgot to add that I have tried a nicotine patch and the super expensive gum in the past. Ive been vaping for a little over a month and have been totally off regular cigs for about 9 days now. I through out the e cigs last night. Burning on tongue and roof of mouth. For the sake of information, I'll point out as we did below that the application of temperature-protected vaping keeps the nickel below a point where it would be breaking down, and thus inhaled, at all. The latter is characterized by the presence of extra-cutaneous manifestations, in addition to the skin lesions of the DAC, related to the introduction of nickel-containing foods. Ive had all the same symptoms from this poison shit facial swelling, angioedema, nose swelling, bad skin, no appetite, feeling poisoned. I started googling everything that I ate that day! Look for safer substitutes for common nickel-containing items: If you have to be exposed to nickel at work, creating a barrier between you and the nickel may help. After reading the comments left on this site I have reached two conclusions. Hopefully resume my health . It only takes 2 to 3 puffs for it to feel way worse and 12mg is already a pretty low dose for me. hives my ass 4 years vaping and still going strong! Sometimes its in successions of 20+ spasms, sometimes its just a few and it stops, and never happens again for weeks. I still would recommend them at least to help wean off of the regular cigarettes. The most common culprit in vape allergic reactions is propylene glycol (PG), a commonly used base in vape juice. So obviously the time has come to stop. These individuals need to take additional precautions beyond . The rates have more than doubled in the past two years. I have been told it is dermittitis and had lots of different creams n potions!! Highly sensitive skin to anything and everything. I started vaping the end of February. Its called peripheral neuropathy. No use! Had to quit the e-sigaret. Good luck with your allergies everyone. Nickel allergy is often associated with earrings and other jewelry. But that transitioned into all day. Ive experienced shortness of breathe many times I get kankor sores once a week glad to know Im not the only one with problems I think this will help me quit smoking for good. Nichrome is a blend of nickel and chromium. Please be careful!!!! Anyway, tonsil stones have disappeared (duh, they had to without there being tonsils) but the ucky stuff just seems to build up deeper in my throat now. My allergy started with mosquito like bites all over my arm which a dermatologist treated for Ned bugs or bites. I am wondering if anyone is considering this. non of my friends have any problems. Ive been using an e-cig, on and off, for about 4 months. There is a reason it caps at 600 farenheit. After all, I very much doubt an occasional tobacco indulgence will be of any account, health-wise, its just that its so hard to do it only infrequently. I keep getting canker scores on my tong and in my mouth painful. Now, Im not saying its not the PG causing all of this because we all know that everything under the sun has side effects but, I have made an appt. Nickel allergy: How to avoid exposure and reduce symptoms. I am using the Vuse brand, made in the USA. The itching!!!! Don't confuse your sore throat with tobacco withdrawal. Very bad headache and feeling lethargic. Vaping generally affects three main systems: Mouth and airways: Irritation, cough and increased airway resistance. My arms and legs burnfeels like a sunburn, but theyre not red. So needless to say, all that fear from my childhood came back and hit me! breathing was not good, I did stop smoking the e fag but now I am worried about using it again in case it starts again or worse. Havent had a real cig since. I stopped vaping when it finally hit me. Itchy rash could be contact dermatitis. I started using ecig about a month ago and after 2 weeks I suddenly felt very bad. Very light cig smoker when I started vaping one year go. I was at a resturant a few nights ago and started feeling really strange I had face tingling and felt like I was having an allergic reaction. I was doing light therapy and on all kinds of topical steroids. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome (SNAS) is a broader form of nickel SCD that affects much more than just the skin, with symptoms primarily associated with the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, along with observations of headache, dizziness, fever, cystitis, and many symptoms consistent with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndromes. I have been vaping tsunami brand e cig with 12mg juice for about 5 months now and it was going great untill the last 2 weeks every time I use it now I get red blisters on th back of my throat and have pain in my ears. If you want to tell yourself were ALL liars so YOU can feel safer you will.I believe we have all posted our stories trying to get at the truth since theres been very little research on the safety on this product.