In A. nidulans strains, one tyrosinase was identified as the enzyme responsible for the production of melanin pigment, based on its substrate specificity (DOPA substrate) and susceptibility to inhibitors [91, 92]. Not only can melanin convert light into heat, but new research raises the possibility that it can also transform other forms of radiation into metabolically useful forms of energy. Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. It has been reported that various types of peptone, used as a nitrogen source, are able to promote an increase in the production of pigments in many species of fungi [55, 59, 62, 63]. Ask About Promo Code. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. The Pineal gland is the first gland developed in your body, and appears in homo-sapiens a mere 3 weeks after conception. Scientists have identified three forms of melanin in humans: eumelanin. The resolution to this energy paradox might be found in the discovery that melanin has the intrinsic ability to transform light energy into chemical energy through the hydrolysis of the water molecule, a function formerly consigned to the domain of the plant kingdom. neuromelanin. 306 ratings 30 reviews. 306 ratings 30 reviews. Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. Impressively, however, 90 percent of the mice that had been given melanin-richmushroomsor white mushrooms supplemented with melanin survived.29. Studies have shown that one of the major causes of aging is the surplus free radicals produced during the oxidative metabolism in the human body [108]. The chemical energy liberated via the dissociation and subsequent charge separation of the water molecule by melanin, in fact, has been estimated to meet over 90 percent of cellular energy needs.17, Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. Very likely, melanin photoprotection is also due to its ability to quench excited states of certain molecules and scavenge ROS that may be generated in pigmented cells [126]. The electrical conductivity properties of this biopolymer are similar to those of amorphous semiconductor solids, and then it can be considered an organic semiconductor, which is largely available and biocompatible and, consequently, cheaper and easier to process with respect to inorganic semiconductors, as silicon germanium. The potential of using filamentous fungi as pigment sources is due to their extraordinary metabolic versatility because they can be cultivated over a wide range of temperatures (1050C), pH (211), salinity (034%), and water activity (0.61) and under oligotrophic or nutrient-rich conditions. This will allow me to plunge deep into my bag of information acquired over the years as well as the knowledge gained from film school to create videos full time. In literature, studies have confirmed that fungal melanin acts as metal chelators, enhancing the biomass-metal interaction and consequently its biosorption capacity [14]. Since melanin has a stable free radical population, it is thought that the radioprotective properties of this pigment result from a combination of physical shielding and quenching of cytotoxic free radicals generated by radiation [18]. WebK12 School Digital and Curricular Classroom Materials - NGL neuromelanin. Melanin: What Makes Black People Black. (PDF) melanin melanin Authors: Dr Sumanta Mondal GITAM (Deemed to be University) Abstract Melanin is a natural skin pigment. Other dermocosmetic applications of melanins include the use of the pigment for hair dyeing and the development of novel strategies for hair recoloration [150]. As a member, you receive exclusive content, community access, behind-the-scenes updates, and the pride of fueling work that matters to you. Goodman and Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for VertebrateMetabolic Use, 190-202. They also showed that further improvement of conductivity together with an increased absorption in the NIR region, by doping the synthetic melanin macromolecule, could make this material a good candidate for optical sensing applications. 16. It was demonstrated that the melanin produced by fungus Lachnum singerianum YM296 significantly inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation products and slowed down the aging process, elevating the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde in mice liver and brain homogenate and serum, suggesting that this pigment could be used as a new anti-aging drug [109]. Dopaquinone, a highly reactive intermediate, forms leucodopachrome, which is then oxidized to dopachrome. Feb 19, 2023. The Pineal gland is the first gland developed in your body, and appears in homo-sapiens a mere 3 weeks after conception. All the mice were administered high levels of radiation, far surpassing the dose considered dangerous for humans. Amazon.com: Melanin Research Foundation: Books 1 result RESULTS Melanin: Energy from Light and the Soul's Ascent by Melanin Research Foundation | May 3, 2015 20 Kindle $399$6.12 Available instantly Paperback $612 FREE delivery Sat, Dec 10 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Need help? This is one example among several that challenge the widely held assumption that animals are incapable of directly utilizing light energy.18. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. As melanin has characteristics of functional materials and bioorganic, a growing number of researchers in the fields of materials science and organic electronics see the melanin with great interest, taking advantage of their properties for applications in organic electronic devices. During the optimization experiments to enhance the production of melanin by Auricularia auricula, it was observed that soluble starch, tyrosine, peptone, CaCO3, and K2HPO4 had positive effects, while glucose, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, CuSO4, and FeSO4 negatively impacted melanin production [46]. Pigments produced by different microorganisms. London, SW7 2QJ, This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. This workis reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. Apart from the scavenging activity, melanin exhibits other biological activities, including thermoregulatory, radio- and photoprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory. Charles E. Turick et al., In Situ Uranium Stabilization by MicrobialMetabolites,Journal of Environmental Radioactivity99, no. This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. As explained in a paper published inMedical Hypothesesby retired medical practitioner Iain Mathewson, new research on low-level light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation, may explain the immediate benefit conferred by hairlessness, as it shows that exposure to the red and near-infrared radiation found at sunset increases mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and results in extra synthesis of ATP in all superficial tissuesites, including those of the brain.21Under Mathewsons hypothesis, a random mutation for hairlessness occurring in one of our African forebearers millions of years ago would have conferred an immediate survival advantage over her hairy relatives by enabling her body, especially her brain, to access the red and near-infrared wavelengths generated by ancient sunsets. Among microbial species, fungi represent an economically significant source of these compounds because they can act as microbial cell factories producing high yields of metabolites with great diverse chemical structures combined with ease of large-scale cultivation [79]. Geoffrey Goodman and Dani Bercovich, Melanin Directly Converts Light for Vertebrate Metabolic Use: Heuristic Thoughts on Birds, Icarus and Dark Human Skin,Medical Hypotheses71, no. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Feb 19, 2023. The precursor of melanin in Agaricus bisporus and other Basidiomycetes is a metabolite of the shikimic acid pathway--glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene oxidized under the action of peroxidase and/or phenolase into -glutaminyl-3,4-benzoquinone, followed by its polymerization [80]. WebMelanin: The Chemical Keys to Black Greatness (Vol. 4 (April 2009): 2009 Apr; 10(4): 1419-1429,https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10041419. 2,799 views May 25, 2018 163 Dislike Share REEL NAGAS 28.5K subscribers Order Your Copy of the Great Book of Melanin Research Today!!! The biosynthetic pathway of fungal dihydroxynaphthalene(DHN)-melanin. I) by Carol Barnes Melanin: The Organizing Molecule Berkley CA: Institute for the Study of Consciousnesses (Thesis) Message To The Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad Metu Neter Vol. Melanins produced by Exophiala pisciphila and Aspergillus bridgeri ICTF-201 exhibited a significant DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity comparable with that of synthetic melanin, indicating its antioxidant potential [102, 103]. A piezoelectric sensor system capable of real-time detection of metal ions was constructed by cross-linking melanin onto the gold electrode of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and showed high sensitivity and selectivity to metal ions particularly for Hg(II) [138]. Several studies have shown that the composition of the growth medium, nature and concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources, minerals, vitamins, temperature, pH, the presence of oxygen and aeration, light, stress, and irradiation, among others, affect the growth and pigment production in fungi and that the manipulation of the culture conditions can result in enhanced pigment production [4147]. Study conducted by [154] showed that a melanin-rich strain of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides biosorbed 2.5- to 4-fold more Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ion than non-melanic Penicillium digitatum. Cracks in 100% nearly all topic of importance to you, like. Melanin pigment of Fonsecaea pedrosoi has antioxidant potential by reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), ensuring the balance of its redox chemical microenvironment and minimizing the effect of oxidation of fundamental structures on fungal growth [104]. About the author. The extracellular melanin isolated from S. commune showed significant antibacterial activity against E. coli, Proteus sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas fluorescens and antifungal activity against dermatophytic fungi, Trichophyton simii, and T. rubrum [34]. This result shows that the increased biomass does not necessarily result in increased pigment production because pigments produced by fungi are secondary metabolites whose production usually occurs at the late growth phase (idiophase) of these microorganisms [61]. $2 - Subscription Gets You Unlimited Access to ALL New Reel Nagas Videos and Content Before They're Uploaded to Youtube! The optical and electronic properties of melanin have attracted the attention of researchers for the production of continuous thin films from conventional synthetic melanin, which have been used for a number of different device configurations, including chemi-sensors, next-generation solar cells, and a range of other detectors [126, 130, 134]. 4.37. This pigment has been reported to act as fungal armor due to its ability to protect fungi from adverse conditions, neutralizing oxidants generated in response to stress. A second group of mice was fed white, melanin-poor porcini mushrooms, a third group ate white porcini mushrooms that were supplemented with melanin, and a final control group received no mushrooms or melanin at all. Some studies report that the pigment synthesis requires proper aeration probably related to the oxygen dependency of some enzymatic reactions responsible for the production of pigment. 306 ratings 30 reviews. Being hairless left us vulnerable to fluctuations in weather since, in comparison to other primates, we must expend significant extra energy to produce body heat to stay warm. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. Home > In general, glucose, an excellent carbon source for growth, interferes with the formation of many secondary metabolites, including pigments. However, it is known that for the success of microbial fermentation processes, it is necessary to choose the correct productive culture strain and to determine the appropriate cultivation conditions [4, 8, 36]. Rate this book. Packed with knowledge of the food of the gods. Radionuclide contamination also led to a change in fungal communities, with an increased proportion of melanized fungi. Similar results were also observed for melanin from Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which proved to be an effective DPPH radical scavenger and a strong ferrous iron chelator [105]. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) Studies have demonstrated that the promoting or repressing effect of a nitrogen source on pigment production is strain dependent. 15. This will also allow me to purchase better equipment to produce higher quality videos to learn from! Amazon.com: Melanin Research Foundation: Books 1 result RESULTS Melanin: Energy from Light and the Soul's Ascent by Melanin Research Foundation | May 3, 2015 20 Kindle $399$6.12 Available instantly Paperback $612 FREE delivery Sat, Dec 10 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Need help? The results of this study also showed that melanin administration to aid the recovery of neurons in a mammal having neuron injury suggests that melanin can be used to treat Alzheimers disease [143]. Some studies have proposed that fungal melanin exhibits anti-radiation activity in vivo and in vivo and then could be explored as a probable radioprotector [16, 115]. The study performed by [114] showed that the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene decreased and lower levels of cytokines, such as IL-12 and TNF-, were observed when activated macrophages were incubated with melanized cells of the Fonsecaea monophora fungus. About the author. In order to improve performance and reduce the cost of pigments produced by microbial fermentation, it is essential to identify the nutritional and physical factors that have a greater influence on the cell growth and metabolite biosynthesis [4, 6, 39, 40]. Another study reported that melanized fungus Armillaria adsorb high concentrations of cations from the surrounding environment; some ions (Al, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Pb) were 50100 times more concentrated on rhizomorphs than in soil [156]. Microorganisms are also more feasible sources of pigments in comparison to pigments extracted from plants and animals because they do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods, and can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields [16]. Collectively, this research suggests that, more than surviving radiation exposure that is normally lethal to most forms of life, fungi may be using melanin to feast on the free lunch of anthropogenic radioactivity. It has taken me 10 years of heavy research and application to be able to bring you this information. Melanin is a substance in the skin that produces skin pigmentation. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Fungal melanins also exhibit growth inhibitory effect against various microorganisms. isolated from a wall surface, suggesting the application of these nanoparticles as effective paint additives. These authors also studied the culture of C. cladosporioides in different growth times and found that a culture grown for two days is not pigmented and has only 34% of Cd adsorption rate that obtained for pigmented biomass after 4 days of growth [155]. 25. This fungus may use a wide array of substrates, such as D- and L-dopamine [81], homogentisic acid [82], catecholamines, and other phenolic compounds [83], maximizing its ability to produce melanin. Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. These results confirmed that fungal melanin could be used as component of photoprotective creams mainly for its free radical scavenging rather than its light absorption properties. Book details & editions. Whereas most other biomolecules experience a destructive form of oxidative damage as a result of radiation exposure, melanin remained structurally and functionally intact, appearing capable of producing a continuous electric current that could theoretically be used to produce metabolic energy in living systems. A great deal of the research at present defy a comprehensive standards based approach. Melanin films also induced an inflammation response that was comparable to silicone implants in vivo, and the implants were significantly resorbed after 8 weeks. However, M. purpureus was not able to grow in media containing peptone, and a maximum yield of the pigment was achieved when the media were supplemented with yeast extract (1%) and monosodium glutamate (5%) as nitrogen source [41]. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye During an inflammatory response, cells of the innate and acquired immune systems release a variety of mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukins (IL), and the reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of inflammatory diseases [112]. The mystery of melanins role in human physiology, and its potential to confer profound health protective and promoting properties, is explained in the excerpt below from Chapter 3 of Sayer Jis bookREGENERATE: Unlocking Your Bodys Radical Resilience Through The New Biology. 68 pages, Paperback. 103 pages, Paperback Published September 1, 2001 Studies have shown that the media composition and cultivation conditions affect the pigment production in fungi and the manipulation of these parameters can result in an increase in pigment yield for large-scale pigment production. 1: the Great Oracle of Tehuti and the Egyptian System of Spiritual Cultivation by Ra Un Nefer Amen *Address all correspondence to: sponchia@iq.unesp.br. We observed that, in the presence of 0.2% corn steep liquor, an increase in the pigment production occurred, while a high yield of biomass was obtained at a concentration of 2%. Studies on wood-inhabiting fungi indicate that pH of the substrate potentially plays an important role in fungal melanin formation. These results indicate that corn steep liquor contains substances that stimulate the synthesis of pigment and it represents a low-cost fermentation medium for large-scale production of the pigment melanin by MEL1 mutant for future industrial applications [74]. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. on June 15, 2018, There are no reviews yet. This book could save your life! Other studies confirmed the indolic nature of the melanin produced by A. nidulans [11, 90]. Synthetic melanin thin films deposited by spray-coating presented features ascribed to an amorphous semiconducting material [134]. Feb 19, 2023. For example, the pigment production by Penicillium sp. In order to compensate for the decreased availability of sunlight, the human body rapidly adjusted, potentially removing the natural sunscreen, melanin, from the skin since it interferes with the production ofvitamin D, a hormone that participates in governing the expression of more than 2,000 genes. By Liviu Feller, Razia A.G. Khammissa and Johan Lemme IntechOpen Limited There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye WebThis volume goes over the brain hemispheres, history of religion, Black founders of civilization, the Sun, cosmology and cosmogony, the subjective and objective realms of being, analysis of cosmological system and view of man, spiritual anatomy of man, types of man and the cultivation of the spiritual man, the Tree of Life initiation system, Melanin-Richmushroomsor white mushrooms supplemented with melanin survived.29 higher quality Videos to learn from percent of mice... 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